Hengist and Horsa - Legendary Founders of Kent

Hengist and Horsa were known for being the first leaders of Anglo-Saxon settlers known to come to England. Tradition has it that the brothers founded the kingdom of Kent. Occupations KingMilitary Leaders Places of Residence and Influence EnglandEarly Europe Important Dates Arrival in England: c. 449Death of Horsa: 455Beginning of Hengists reign over Kent: 455Death of Hengist: 488 About Hengist and Horsa Although very likely actual people, the brothers Hengist and Horsa have taken on legendary status as leaders of the first settlers of Germanic stock to come to England. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, they were invited by the British ruler Vortigern to help defend against invading Scots and Picts from the north. The brothers landed at Wippidsfleet (Ebbsfleet) and successfully drove off the invaders, whereupon they received a grant of land in Kent from Vortigern. Several years later the brothers were at war with the British ruler. Horsa died in battle against Vortigern in 455, at a place recorded as Aegelsthrep, which is possibly present-day Aylesford in Kent. According to Bede, there was at one time a monument to Horsa in east Kent, and the modern town of Horstead may be named for him. After the death of Horsa, Hengist began ruling Kent as king in his own right. He reigned for 33 more years and died in 488. He was succeeded by his son, Oeric Oisc. The kings of Kent traced their lineage to Hengist through Oisc, and their royal house was called Oiscingas. Numerous legends and stories have sprung up about Hengist and Horsa, and there is much contradictory information about them. They are often referred to as Anglo-Saxon, and some sources label them as Jutes, but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle calls them Angles and gives the name of their father as Wihtgils. There is a possibility that Hengist is the source for the character mentioned in  Beowulf  who was associated with a tribe called Eotan, which  may have been based on the Jutes.

Impact of social media marketing - 1686 Words

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA Abstract Over the years communication has evolved into a revolutionary platform, through the invention and development of Internet. The Internet has evolved from a means to facilitate data, to a platform of public communication through social media. Social media has opened up a plethora of opportunities for businesses to advertise, promote and market themselves to customers. This research paper discusses how social media has changed the scope of the traditional customer relationship marketing in today’s business world. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA Since the beginning of time, communication has always played a major role in normal day-to-day activity. Communication has evolved and gone†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" YouTube is currently one of the biggest search engines being used today. YouTube is a video-sharing website that is primarily updated by subscribed users who upload videos. Individuals, subscribed or unsubscribed, have the ability to watch videos, like them and comment on their thoughts of the videos. Social Media in the Business World Since the development of these various social media tools, companies have used they’re development and growth to gain competitive advantage in the markets. Companies use social media tools to market their brand and interact with their target market. One of the primary reasons businesses utilize social media to market is because social media marketing reduces the cost of advertising. With forums such as Facebook, companies have the opportunity to create a profile for their product or service and inform their target market about what they are all about and the benefits of their product with out having to spend a dime. Social media marketing is one of the most cost effective ways for a company to gain exposure and advertise a company. Social media also creates spreadability or exposure for a company among consumers. Mills states â€Å"spreadability refers to the ease with which a campaign flows across social networks.† (Mills, 2012). The ability for a brand or company to spread through social media tools such as Twitter and YouTube, give the company leverage andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesdrastically changed the marketing field. The 21st century was revolutionary for the development of social media. With the expansion of social media, the marketing world needed to successfully reach a new audience. Before the advances in technology, marketers had no interaction with their customers. The marketers would simply throw advertisements in the face of the consumers. This strategy would result in short-term results and give businesses no true way to measure their work. Social media gave marketersRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing1277 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation age, social media is likely to play in the main role in people’s lifestyles as consuming, traveling, keeping relation even working because people usually search information through it be fore making the decision. So, the marketing strategies to promote product have to adapt method following the changing time. Promoting product through the social media is being the proper choice for marketers in this period to approach the goal. The success of brand markets tends to apply social media by usingRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing Purposes1535 Words   |  7 PagesThrough out the year, we have seen the development of social media evolving. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Instagram etc. are not to post personal photos from your vacation or parties with friend anymore but also a tool for your business. A vital tool that is, social media has became a powerful marketing tool if it is used correctly, it can guide the customers from their social media site to their actual business site where information is provided much more in detailRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Marketing And Promotion1241 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media use isn’t just an arbitrary ego boost for brands and individuals. It’s a driving factor in business, marketing, technology and so much more. We Are Social reports that 2.1 billion out of the 7.2 billion people in the world now have social media accounts. Americans certainly fall into the mix, with 60% using it for their news fix, but at the same time they’re also doing other things like viewing ads. This means that you absolutely cannot ignore the impact of these huge and varied platformsRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On The Business Marketing Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThis research studies the impact of using social media on the business marketing compared to the television and posters and billboards along the road sides in terms of the customer influence and the costs involved the both prospective. The research covers the most basic content in the areas of customer’s application of social media sites when finding out about the products. The major sites that are considered are facebook and twitter usage by the different companies and customers to get their servicesRead MoreImpact Of Social Media Marketing On Charities1998 Words   |  8 PagesThey Use It? 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Advance communications like internet and technology leads organization which is market driven become more trained and skilled in how to do business locally and globally. Recently, marketing strategies have been changedRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media Marketing in Marketing Communication Opportunities: in Context of Dell3907 Words   |  16 PagesModel | 7 | 6 | Impact of Social Media Marketing in Dell Current Communication Process | 8 | 7. | Challenges of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 11 | 8. | Benefits of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 13 | 9. | Conclusion | 15 | 10. | References | 16 | 2. Abstract Social media marketing is no longer a foreign to business marketer nowadays. This paper will examine the impact of social media marketing on the marketing communication opportunitiesRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Business Performance1730 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Social Media Marketing Introduction: It is considered that social media tools have gained a lot of popularity as well as increasingly used in day to day operations of many business organizations or companies, from start-up to small medium as well as large multinational organizations. Despite the fact that social media has gained popularity over it use, little has been known for their values to the business world or industry. The tools and technologies support for social media on businessRead MoreHealth Care Reflection742 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Care Marketing Reflection Christine Cazares HCS/539 April 4, 2016 Andrea Linder Health Care Marketing Reflection In recent years, hospitals have relied on marketing strategies through newspapers, letters, or television. Currently, the new word of mouth is social media on how organizations such as hospitals, spread the word. This paper will examine the current health care marketing techniques used for social media. Included in this will be how the marketing is used, the

Botticellis masterpiece, Primavera Essay Example For Students

Botticellis masterpiece, Primavera Essay Botticellis masterpiece, Primavera, depicts a scene of slow moving grace in what appears to be a mythical garden. The actual subject of this masterpiece is unknown, but there are volumes of ideas concerning the purposes and meanings the painting could have. Despite the confusion the painting is widely admired and revered as Botticellis finest works. The scene appears to be a spring morning, with a pale light penetrating the straight vertical trees in the background. The trees appear to bear golden apples, a possible reference to the myth of Venus and the golden apple which seems feasible considering Venus appears in the center of the painting underneath the great canopy provided by the trees. Golden apples are also the attribute of the Three Graces, the handmaidens of Venus, also shown in this work. Chloris, the ancient Greek goddess of flowers, is fleeing from Zephyr, the west wind of springtime whom begets flowers, on the right side of the painting. When Zephyr catches her in his embrace flowers spill from her lips and she transforms into Flora the Roman goddess of flowers. Flora is depicted separately from Chloris and is dressed in blossoms as she scatters flowers over the ground. In the center is a dignified Venus with a promise of joy. Above Venus is the infant Cupid, blindfolded and aiming his arrows of love. To the left the Three Graces dance in silent daydream of grace. They are separated from the other figures in time as indicated by their hair blowing in the opposite direction from Zephyrs gusts. The figure on the extreme left is that of Mercury, messenger of the gods. He provides a male counterpart to Zephyr. Zephyr is breathing love and warmth into McGaharan 2 a wintry world while Mercury is diverting this expression to a more culturally acceptable form, considering the context of the time period, by opening the scene to the gods. The scene has a dream like quality. The subject seems to be ambivalent, the gentle yet strong colors give the figures presence and weight, but the figures also seem insubstantial or dreamlike. The light figures of the painting heavily contrast with the dark background of the woods. The ground does not seem to be present but flowers are scattered on top of it adding to the dreamlike state of the work. The picture is harmonized by the equal distribution of figures over the picture plane. There is a slow moving rhythm to the way the figures move added to by the various gestures of their arms, graceful and elegant. It is interesting to note that the hand of the fleeing Chloris as it overlaps, and appears to blend into, the arm of Flora. Botticelli lived from 1445 to 1510 in Florence. Despite his individuality as a Renaissance painter, he remained little known for centuries after his death until his work was rediscovered late in the 19th century. Botticelli was a pupil of the painter Fra Filippo Lippi. He was commissioned to do this  work after enjoying success over his work Venus and Mars, an allegory of War and Love, for the Medici families. Lorenzo di Piefrancesco deMedici enjoyed Mars and Venus so much he commissioned Botticelli for two works, Primavera and The Birth of Venus. These works are considered his best works. I chose this piece because I reviewed Mars and Venus and found the elegance of Botticelli style captivating. The mystery of this particular painting interested me. The fact that scholars cannot understand the exact subject of the work adds an element of mystery to the work.

Search and Seizure free essay sample

As the United States formed as a republic its need to form laws to protect its people became an evident need. Along with the powers to be at control of these laws, there were also limitations on what the government could and could not do to protect the people from the government as well. One of these controlling factors is the Fourth Amendment, which protects our citizens and visitors from an array of items. A few in particular would be; right to privacy, search, and seizure. The Fourth Amendment also sets the tone for how arrests are affected and how reasonableness is weighed on heavily. The Fourth Amendment grants American citizens protection from illegal searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment is designed to protect the right to privacy and freedom from arbitrary invasions. In order to seek restitution for a violation of the Fourth Amendment, the plaintiff must have standing. Standing requires that the plaintiff had an expectation of privacy at the searched location. We will write a custom essay sample on Search and Seizure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Standing requires that both the subjective and the objective tests are met. The subjective test requires that the plaintiff actually expected privacy while the objective test checks whether the plaintiff would have expected privacy (Fourth Amendment). The Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, but what exactly are a search and a seizure? As per the Legal Dictionary search and seizure is an â€Å"examination of a persons premises (residence, business or vehicle) by law enforcement officers looking for evidence of the commission of a crime, and the taking (seizure and removal) of articles of evidence (such as controlled narcotics, a pistol, counterfeit bills, and a blood-soaked blanket). The basic question is whether the search and seizure were unreasonable under the 4th Amendment to the Constitution (applied to the states under the 14th Amendment), which provides: The right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. Thus, searches and seizures must be under the authority of a search warrant or when the officer has solid facts that give him/her probable cause to believe there was evidence of a specific crime on the premises but no time to get a warrant. Evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution is not admissible in court, nor is evidence traced through such illegal evidence. † Once a search and seizure of a premise and property has been completed, it is the job of law enforcement to gain the status of probable cause to affect an arrest on the individual(s) for crimes related to the investigation. An arrest as defined to The Legal Dictionary is â€Å"to take or hold a suspected criminal with legal authority, as by a law enforcement officer. An arrest may be made legally based on a warrant issued by a court after receiving a sworn statement of probable cause to believe there has been a crime committed by this person, for an apparent crime committed in the presence of the arresting officer, or upon probable cause to believe a crime has been committed by that person. † Arrest defined by Utah State Code reads as follows: 77-7-2. Arrest by peace officers. A peace officer may make an arrest under authority of a warrant or may, without warrant, arrest a person: (1) (a) for any public offense committed or attempted in the presence of any peace officer; and (b) as used in this Subsection (1), presence includes all of the physical senses or any device that enhances the acuity, sensitivity, or range of any physical sense, or records the observations of any of the physical senses; (2) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe a felony or a class. A misdemeanor has been committed and has reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested has committed it; (3) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe the person has committed a public offense, and there is reasonable cause for believing the person may: (a) flee or conceal himself to avoid arrest; (b) destroy or conceal evidence of the commission of the offense; or (c) injure another person or damage property belonging to another person; (4) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe the person has committed the offense of failure to disclose identity under Section 76-8-301. When the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person is an alien: (a) subject to a civil removal order issued by an immigration judge; (b) regarding whom a civil detainer warrant has been issued by the federal Department of Homeland Security; or (c) who has been charged or convicted in another state with one or more aggravated felonies as defined by 8 U. S. C. Sec. 1101(a)(43). Another exception to requiring a warrant lands within the â€Å"reasonableness† requirement. The United States Supreme Court has attempted to balance the reality of police work and the time to complete a warrant with the freedom interests of the public. If an officer is always required to pursue a warrant, the suspect may have time to destroy the evidence or hide it outside the search parameters of the warrant. On the other hand, never requiring a warrant could get out of hand with police doing random searches on your property. Seven categories to determine if a warrantless search, seizure, or arrest is reasonable were created: No warrant is required for a felony arrest in a public place; No warrant is required for searches incident to lawful arrests; Automobiles may be stopped if an officer possesses reasonable suspicion that the suspect violated a traffic law; If an officer has reasonable suspicion that the suspect is participating, or about to participate, in criminal activity, the officer may frisk the person for weapons; If exigent circumstances arise; At fixed roadside locations, it is alright to have a brief seizure to ascertain the legality of citizens; And if the officer is acting upon â€Å"good faith† (Reasonableness, 2014). All of these play a large part in enforcing law in the United States. As the law has many definitions, there are many parts of the law that are affected by these rules and guidelines. One in particular is the stop and frisk that occurs frequently in law enforcement. Fo r this action the officer must reasonably believe that the individual may be armed with a weapon. The frisk is confined to a suspects outer clothing when either a bulge in the clothing or the outline of the weapon is visible. The search is commonly called a pat down, and any further search requires probable cause to believe the suspect will commit or has committed a crime. The limited right to stop and frisk is intended to halt the practice of random searches of people in hopes of finding evidence of criminal activity. Another scrutinized part of search and seizure is the automobile search exception. Law enforcement is routinely stopping vehicle on traffic related violations. On some stops officers come across situations that lead them to believe that illegal activity is or will be occurring and a further investigation is accomplished. Most times during a traffic stop plain view  and plain smell play a large part in a deeper investigation. The courts have held that due to the fact that an automobile is mobile and has the ability to drive away it is not protected under the normal circumstances of obtaining a warrant for the search as a house or business. The vehicle is subject to search by officers in situations where probable cause can be met. Another situation that occurs on vehicle stops is the lengthening of the stop for the investigation. An officer must have reasonable suspicion of illegal activity beyond the reason of the initial stop to widen the scope of the traffic stop and detain beyond the normal traffic stop time frame. The right to privacy does apply to the vehicle as to the officer can’t cross the threshold of the vehicles interior to gain evidence, all seen or smelled instances must be seen or smelled from the exterior of the car, unless consent to search is provided by the driver. This consent can also be revoked by the driver at any time during the search. The use of canines has also proven to be an effective tool to gain entry into a vehicle for searches. Border patrol has been in the news lately, especially after the passing of the Patriot Act bill. Border patrols have an exception to the search and seizure clause within the Fourth Amendment. Border patrols are still governed by rules and do not have free reign to do as they please. Border searches generally fall into one of two categories: routine or non-routine. A routine stop is usually conducted at the border and consists of limited intrusion. A non-routine stop is usually conducted on reasonable suspicion and will vary in techniques and intrusion. The provision allows the border patrols to interrogate any alien as to their right to remain in the United States; to arrest any alien attempting to enter the United States in violation to the law; to board and search for aliens within a reasonable distance from a border; and to make arrests (Border Search, 2014). The Fourth Amendment is a very important part of our society and covers a large spectrum of items to protect individual’s rights and govern how law enforcement can perform their duties.  Without the Fourth Amendment we would find ourselves living in a very different place, a place where the law rules and individuals were subject to unfair search seizure and from this unlawful arrests and the right to privacy would be nonexistent. Search and Seizure free essay sample As the United States formed as a republic its need to form laws to protect its people became an evident need. Along with the powers to be at control of these laws, there were also limitations on what the government could and could not do to protect the people from the government as well. One of these controlling factors is the Fourth Amendment, which protects our citizens and visitors from an array of items. A few in particular would be; right to privacy, search, and seizure. The Fourth Amendment also sets the tone for how arrests are affected and how reasonableness is weighed on heavily. The Fourth Amendment grants American citizens protection from illegal searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment is designed to protect the right to privacy and freedom from arbitrary invasions. In order to seek restitution for a violation of the Fourth Amendment, the plaintiff must have standing. Standing requires that the plaintiff had an expectation of privacy at the searched location. We will write a custom essay sample on Search and Seizure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Standing requires that both the subjective and the objective tests are met. The subjective test requires that the plaintiff actually expected privacy while the objective test checks whether the plaintiff would have expected privacy (Fourth Amendment). The Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, but what exactly are a search and a seizure? As per the Legal Dictionary search and seizure is an â€Å"examination of a persons premises (residence, business or vehicle) by law enforcement officers looking for evidence of the commission of a crime, and the taking (seizure and removal) of articles of evidence (such as controlled narcotics, a pistol, counterfeit bills, and a blood-soaked blanket). The basic question is whether the search and seizure were unreasonable under the 4th Amendment to the Constitution (applied to the states under the 14th Amendment), which provides: The right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. Thus, searches and seizures must be under the authority of a search warrant or when the officer has solid facts that give him/her probable cause to believe there was evidence of a specific crime on the premises but no time to get a warrant. Evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution is not admissible in court, nor is evidence traced through such illegal evidence. † Once a search and seizure of a premise and property has been completed, it is the job of law enforcement to gain the status of probable cause to affect an arrest on the individual(s) for crimes related to the investigation. An arrest as defined to The Legal Dictionary is â€Å"to take or hold a suspected criminal with legal authority, as by a law enforcement officer. An arrest may be made legally based on a warrant issued by a court after receiving a sworn statement of probable cause to believe there has been a crime committed by this person, for an apparent crime committed in the presence of the arresting officer, or upon probable cause to believe a crime has been committed by that person. † Arrest defined by Utah State Code reads as follows: 77-7-2. Arrest by peace officers. A peace officer may make an arrest under authority of a warrant or may, without warrant, arrest a person: (1) (a) for any public offense committed or attempted in the presence of any peace officer; and (b) as used in this Subsection (1), presence includes all of the physical senses or any device that enhances the acuity, sensitivity, or range of any physical sense, or records the observations of any of the physical senses; (2) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe a felony or a class/ A misdemeanor has been committed and has reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested has committed it; (3) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe the person has committed a public offense, and there is reasonable cause for believing the person may: (a) flee or conceal himself to avoid arrest; (b) destroy or conceal evidence of the commission of the offense; or (c) injure another person or damage property belonging to another person; (4) when the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe the person has committed the offense of failure to disclose identity under Section 76-8-301. When the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person is an alien: (a) subject to a civil removal order issued by an immigration judge; (b) regarding whom a civil detainer warrant has been issued by the federal Department of Homeland Security; or (c) who has been charged or convicted in another state with one or more aggravated felonies as defined by 8 U. S. C. Sec. 1101(a)(43). Another exception to requiring a warrant lands within the â€Å"reasonableness† requirement. The United States Supreme Court has attempted to balance the reality of police work and the time to complete a warrant with the freedom interests of the public. If an officer is always required to pursue a warrant, the suspect may have time to destroy the evidence or hide it outside the search parameters of the warrant. On the other hand, never requiring a warrant could get out of hand with police doing random searches on your property. Seven categories to determine if a warrantless search, seizure, or arrest is reasonable were created: No warrant is required for a felony arrest in a public place; No warrant is required for searches incident to lawful arrests; Automobiles may be stopped if an officer possesses reasonable suspicion that the suspect violated a traffic law; If an officer has reasonable suspicion that the suspect is participating, or about to participate, in criminal activity, the officer may frisk the person for weapons; If exigent circumstances arise; At fixed roadside locations, it is alright to have a brief seizure to ascertain the legality of citizens; And if the officer is acting upon â€Å"good faith† (Reasonableness, 2014). All of these play a large part in enforcing law in the United States. As the law has many definitions, there are many parts of the law that are affected by these rules and guidelines. One in particular is the stop and frisk that occurs frequently in law enforcement. For this action the officer must reasonably believe that the individual may be armed with a weapon. The frisk is confined to a suspects outer clothing when either a bulge in the clothing or the outline of the weapon is visible. The search is commonly called a pat down, and any further search requires probable cause to believe the suspect will commit or has committed a crime. The limited right to stop and frisk is intended to halt the practice of random searches of people in hopes of finding evidence of criminal activity. Another scrutinized part of search and seizure is the automobile search exception. Law enforcement is routinely stopping vehicle on traffic related violations. On some stops officers come across situations that lead them to believe that illegal activity is or will be occurring and a further investigation is accomplished. Most times during a traffic stop plain view nand plain smell play a large part in a deeper investigation. The courts have held that due to the fact that an automobile is mobile and has the ability to drive away it is not protected under the normal circumstances of obtaining a warrant for the search as a house or business. The vehicle is subject to search by officers in situations where probable cause can be met. Another situation that occurs on vehicle stops is the lengthening of the stop for the investigation. An officer must have reasonable suspicion of illegal activity beyond the reason of the initial stop to widen the scope of the traffic stop and detain beyond the normal traffic stop time frame. The right to privacy does apply to the vehicle as to the officer can’t cross the threshold of the vehicles interior to gain evidence, all seen or smelled instances must be seen or smelled from the exterior of the car, unless consent to search is provided by the driver. This consent can also be revoked by the driver at any time during the search. The use of canines has also proven to be an effective tool to gain entry into a vehicle for searches. Border patrol has been in the news lately, especially after the passing of the Patriot Act bill. Border patrols have an exception to the search and seizure clause within the Fourth Amendment. Border patrols are still governed by rules and do not have free reign to do as they please. Border searches generally fall into one of two categories: routine or non-routine. A routine stop is usually conducted at the border and consists of limited intrusion. A non-routine stop is usually conducted on reasonable suspicion and will vary in techniques and intrusion. The provision allows the border patrols to interrogate any alien as to their right to remain in the United States; to arrest any alien attempting to enter the United States in violation to the law; to board and search for aliens within a reasonable distance from a border; and to make arrests (Border Search, 2014). The Fourth Amendment is a very important part of our society and covers a large spectrum of items to protect individual’s rights and govern how law enforcement can perform their duties.  Without the Fourth Amendment we would find ourselves living in a very different place, a place where the law rules and individuals were subject to unfair search seizure and from this unlawful arrests and the right to privacy would be nonexistent. Search and Seizure free essay sample Rules for searches conducted in plain smell are complex and varied based on the circumstances and location of the search. Under the plain smell doctrine, an officer can use his sense of smell as probable cause to search if there is an articulable belief that the origination of the odor is an illegal substance, or if it indicates an exigent circumstance. Plain smell is a principle under the plain view rule, which basically states that evidence in plain view of an officer is not protected by the Fourth Amendment, as â€Å"seeing† the evidence in that capacity does not constitute a â€Å"search†. For the plain view doctrine to apply for discoveries, the following requirements must be met (Horton v. California, (1990) 496 U. S. 128,136): 1. The officer’s observation of the evidence must be lawful, meaning the officer had a legal right to be at the location, or the suspect did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the location, 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Search and Seizure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The officer must have a lawful right of access to the object, and 3. The officer must have probable cause to believe the object is evidence of a crime. Plain smell falls under the â€Å"probable cause† prong of the plain view rule and would be considered circumstantial evidence, as determining the existence of something based on smell can only be inferred until the actual the object is seen and verified. Plain smell may also fall under the doctrine of exigent circumstances if there is an urgent need for an officer to take action based on the totality of the circumstances surrounding the suspect odor. (People v. Duncan (1986) 42 Cal. 3d 91, 103). In this case, the officer must believe the threat would have materialized before a warrant could be obtained. For example, a Meth lab or PCP lab might be considered exigent circumstances, as the chemicals used in the production of those substances are highly volatile and could explode. An officer relying on plain smell as probable cause should always attempt to obtain other supporting evidence to ensure the validity of his search under the Fourth Amendment, otherwise it may not hold up under close scrutiny. DISCUSSION Warranted searches based on plain smell: There have been numerous arrest warrants issued based on the principle of plain smell. However, there is usually other evidence, in conjunction with the plain smell evidence, to support the warrant request. In Taylor v. United States, (1932) 286 U. S. 1, 6, the court held that odors alone do not authorize a search without a warrant. In Johnson v. United States, (1948) 333 U. S. 0, 13, the court interpreted it further by saying that â€Å"if the presence of odors is testified to before a magistrate, and he finds the affiant qualified to know the odor, and it is one sufficiently distinctive to identify a forbidden substance, this Court has never held such a basis insufficient to justify issuance of a search warrant. † In essence, the odor plus the ability and experience to identify the odor as a criminal substance can be adequate to satisfy the request for a warrant. However, in most cases of plain smell, there is more than jus t odor presented as probable cause to obtain a warrant. The courts strongly support warranted searches over warrantless ones, indicating that â€Å"in a doubtful or marginal case, a search under a warrant may be sustainable where without one it would fall. † (Jones v. United States (1960) 362 U. S. 257, 270). Warrantless searches based on plain smell: Most challenges to searches conducted in plain smell arise from warrantless searches. The most common warrantless searches appear to be vehicle searches based on the smell of drugs. As with any warrantless search, â€Å"the burden to show proper justification for these searches rests on the prosecution. (Badillo v. Superior Court, 46 Cal. 2d 269, 272 [294 P. 2d 23]. ) United States v. Ross, (1982) 456 US 798 allows officers, with probable cause, to search a vehicle and any containers therein without a warrant. Many vehicle searches are based on plain smell—officers smell drugs or alcohol on the driver or an occupant, or they smell it inside the vehicle at the time of the car stop. The smell of alcohol on a driver’s breath or in the vehicle, which is easily identifiable to most officers, gives probable cause to search. The smell of drugs can be trickier. An officer must have the experience to know what a drug smells like before he will have probable cause to search. (Johnson v. United States, supra). Marijuana is fairly common and well known to law enforcement, so it would be easy for an officer to articulate his probable cause. Other drugs may be less familiar, especially to an unseasoned officer, or an officer that has not been exposed to cases involving specific types of illegal substances, therefore making it more difficult to use plain smell as probable cause to earch. As for using the plain smell doctrine as probable cause for any other type of warrantless search, odor can be sufficient, depending on the circumstances, but it is usually not enough. In many cases, odor may be the initial catalyst for the officer to decide to investigate, but normally there needs to be supportive evidence, such as plain view or strong circumstantial evidence to justify a warrantless search. (People v. Shandloff, (1985) 170 Cal. App. 3d 3 72, 381; People v. Divito (1984) 152 Cal. App. 3d. 1, 14) Usually, plain smell is just one of several factors that, as a totality, can add up to probable cause. Exigent circumstance is another situation in which odor alone may be probable cause enough to search. These circumstances can arise from a lot of factors, such as the strong smell of ether, possibly indicating a volatile drug lab, or the smell of smoke from a building indicating a fire, or even the smell of decomposition, possibly indicating a dead body. In these situations, an officer may have probable cause to conduct a search in plain smell. The fruits of the search would be admissible if the search was legal. (People v. Stegman (1985) 164 Cal. App. 3d. 936; People v. Duncan, supra). The United States Supreme Court ruled that the legality of an entry based on exigent circumstances depends on whether it was objectively reasonable under the circumstances. It also ruled that a police action will be deemed objectively reasonable if the need for it outweighed its intrusiveness. (Illinois v. Lidster, (2004) 540 US 419, 427). In judging reasonableness, we look to the gravity of the public concerns served by the seizure, the degree to which the seizure advances public interest, and the severity of the interference with individual liberty. † (Id. at p. 427. ) Conclusion: It is clear that the plain smell doctrine can be difficult to use as the sole reason for probable cause to search. The protections afforded us by the Fourth Amendment are interpreted and defined mainly by case law, which can create a lot of confusion, as pu blic policy and changes in our laws can make it difficult to stay informed. For instance, with some states passing laws to decriminalize small amounts of marijuana, searches conducted in plain smell with regards to marijuana are now being considered as lacking in probable cause. In Massachusetts, the state Supreme Court recently issued a decision (Commonwealth v. Benjamin Cruz (2011) 459 Mass 459, 469) which states in part â€Å"by mandating that possession of such a small quantity of marijuana become a civil violation, not a crime, the voters intended to treat offenders who possess one ounce or less of marijuana differently from perpetrators of drug crimes. Articulable facts, then, must demonstrate a suspicion that the defendant possessed more than one ounce of marijuana, because possession of one ounce or less of marijuana is not a crime. † This basically means that officers in Massachusetts will have to be able to determine if they smell more than an ounce of marijuana in order to use the plain smell doctrine as probable cause. Even though this is not binding case law in California, it could be persuasive and have far reaching ramifications.

Christmas Math Word Problem Worksheets

Christmas Math Word Problem Worksheets Word problems can be perceived as the dreaded bane of your students existence, or they can be a walk in the park. The amount of practice your students have working with word problems affects their confidence level in this area.   Design Christmas word problem worksheets that are suitable for second and third-grade students. The sample questions adhere to math standards for those grades. Most of these word problems focus on number sense.   Heres some simple math for you. If word problems  are applied in real-world scenarios that children enjoy, the likelihood increases that they will find the problems easy to solve. Easy Christmas Math Word Problems In terms of fun word problem scenarios, you can incorporate Christmas  themes into the problems. Most children enjoy the Christmas season, even those who dont celebrate the holiday. Images of jolly snowmen and Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer delight children during this time. Now, pair Christmas-based situations with math word problems to delight young students. Students at a very young age need to practice solving problems when the unknown value is at the beginning, the middle, and the end of the word problem. Using this strategy will help children become better problem-solvers and critical thinkers. Before you assign word problems to your students, make sure that you vary the types of questions. The variety will help create good thinking habits among your students. Second Grade For second grade worksheets, you will note that addition and subtraction problems are the most appropriate. One strategy to help students in the younger grades to think critically is to consider changing where the unknown value is. For instance, look at the following question: For Christmas, you got 12 candy canes in your stocking and 7 from the tree. How many candy canes do you have? Now, look at this transposition of a word problem: You wrapped 17 presents and your brother wrapped 8 presents. How many more presents did you wrap? Third Grade By third grade, your students have started to get comfortable with fractions, multiplication, and division. Try incorporating some of these elements into your third-grade worksheets. For example, your string of Christmas lights has 12 bulbs on it, but 1/4 of the bulbs don’t work. How many bulbs do you have to buy to replace the ones that don’t work? The Value of Words Word problems take math understanding to the next level. By meshing reading comprehension skills with everything already learned in mathematics, your students are becoming critical problem solvers. Real-world scenarios show students why they need to learn math, and how to solve the real problems they will encounter. Help connect these dots for your students. Word problems are an important assessment tool for teachers. If your students are able to comprehend and solve word problems, it shows you that your students are grasping the math being taught to them. Kudos for the guidance you provide. Your hard work is paying off.

THE LIMITS OF GLOBALIZATION

THE LIMITS OF GLOBALIZATION Nowadays one of the most commonly used terms is globalization. But what does globalization mean? Does it mean dissappearing borders, a common trade unit, no tax in trade abroad, political awareness across the world, or, in extremes, even interfering with other countries' domestic affairs? In some ways globalization may be useful in creating a common sense of "world citizenship", but useful to what extent? What are the possibilities, advantages and risks of such "world citizenship"? Are the United Nations and the European Union, stepping stones to globalization? Disappearing borders, in the economic meaning of the term can most clearly be seen today in Europe. The European Union restricts taxes on trade between members. Taking a step further the EU have decided on a common currency, the "Euro" , which became available at the beginning of 1999. This currency may economically be more functional but what aboutnational pride? All trade units display a co! untry's well known heros or great personalities of them that the citizens respect for. How are the citizens going to respond to this kind of change time will show but nobody can say European countries are not nationalistic. There is a strong evidence on the contrary. One example is world war II, which started in the middle of Europe- -considered then the most civilized part of the world- because of Germany's belief in its national superiority. This unfortunate development took place just half a century ago.These European nation-states may seem to be getting along well for the time being because of fairly smilar economic levels but what will happen if one country's economic level drops or gets much better than the rest? Would the better ones pull up the worst to keep up with them or would those countries-having the best economy- want to carry the rest on their shoulders? Besides its economic ups and downs globalization has a tremendous effect on cultural values...

External analysis of Logoplaste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

External analysis of Logoplaste - Essay Example Logoplaste exists in a highly competitive market and faces stiff competition from Alpla-Werke, Amcor, Graham Packaging, and Plastipak. Amcor, an Australian packaging giant, is the largest player in the plastic manufacturing industry and packaging business. Alpla-Werke has a large market base in Europe and Latin America, which holds half of its manufacturing plants ((Alcacer and Leitao, 2013, 8). The company seeks to consolidate its place in the fast-growing Asian market. Graham packaging uses manufacturing processes and technologies to produce plastic containers from various resins. It has its presence in North America, Latin America, and Europe. Plastipak is an American company with several plants in America and Europe and has been a lead supplier for Pepsi. All the companies are great competitors and are currently competing for the Asian market. Logoplaste has a loyal customer base owing to its beneficial relationship with customers. Its main customers are fast-moving consumer goods such as Coca-Cola and P&G. Innovative packing attracts positive customer attention, and this is an important factor in the challenging retail market. Logoplaste are forced to expand internationally owing to the presence of their customers globally (Alcacer and Leitao, 2013, 3). They ventured into the Asia Pacific region, and started up a new production unit for P&G in Kuantan, Malaysia to produce packaging for domestic